Annual and transition report of foreign private issuers pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Other Intangible Assets, Net

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Other Intangible Assets, Net
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Other Intangible Assets [Abstract]  
Other Intangible Assets, Net

Note 8. Other Intangible Assets, Net

Other intangible assets consisted of the following:

      December 31, 2018       December 31, 2017
Carrying Amount,             Net Carrying Amount,             Net
Net of Accumulated Book   Net of Accumulated Book
Impairment Amortization Value   Impairment Amortization Value
U.S. $ in thousands
Developed technology $      299,100 $      (236,375 ) $       62,725 $      304,601 $      (220,420 ) $      84,181
Patents 10,127 (5,752 ) 4,375 19,708 (14,279 ) 5,429
Trademarks and trade names 26,212 (19,067 ) 7,145 27,248 (18,245 ) 9,003
Customer relationships 102,984 (70,353 ) 32,631 106,203 (63,435 ) 42,768
Capitalized software development costs   19,540   (19,142 )   398   19,541   (18,800 )   741
$ 457,963 $ (350,689 ) $ 107,274 $ 477,301 $ (335,179 ) $ 142,122

Amortization expense

Amortization expense relating to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was approximately $32.4 million, $35.0 million and $59.0 million, respectively. The decrease in amortization expense in 2017 was primarily due to change in the estimated useful lives of certain intangibles assets, which reduced the Company's amortization expense by $20.5 million and resulted in a decrease of $18.3 million in the Company's net loss and a decrease of $0.35 in the Company's basic and diluted loss per share.

The decrease in the Company's other intangible assets carrying amount, net of impairment and the corresponding accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2018 resulted from Solidscape divestment, which is described in Note 2.

As of December 31, 2018, estimated future amortization expense relating to definite life intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter were as follows:

      Estimated amortization
expense
Year ending December 31, (U.S. $ in thousands)
2019 $     29,274
2020 28,934
2021 28,775
2022 7,791
2023 8,106
Thereafter   4,394
Total $ 107,274

During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded impairment charges of $2.2 million, $2.2 million and $17.9 million, respectively, related to certain of its intangible assets.